Iipakedi zeziqhoboshi zezona ndawo zibalulekileyo zokhuseleko kwinkqubo yeziqhoboshi, edlala indima eqinisekileyo kumgangatho wokuqhawuka kweziqhoboshi, kwaye ibhreke pad elungileyo ngumkhuseli wabantu kunye nezithuthi (inqwelomoya).
Okokuqala, imvelaphi ye-brake pads
Ngo-1897, uHerbertFrood wavelisa iipakethi zokuqala (esebenzisa intambo yomqhaphu njengefayibha yokuqinisa) kwaye wazisebenzisa kwiinqwelo ezitsalwa ngamahashe kunye neemoto zokuqala, apho yasekwa khona iNkampani yeFerodo eyaziwayo kwihlabathi. Kwaze ngo-1909, inkampani yavelisa i-broke pad yokuqala yehlabathi eyomeleleyo ye-asbestos; Ngo-1968, iipakethi zokuqala ze-semi-metal-based brake pads zayilwa, kwaye ukusukela ngoko, izixhobo zokukhuhlana ziqalisile ukuphuhla ukuya kwi-asbestos. Ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe baqala ukufunda iintlobo ngeentlobo zeentsinga ze-asbestos ezifana nefiber yentsimbi, ifayibha yeglasi, ifayibha ye-aramid, ifayibha yekhabhoni kunye nezinye izicelo kwizixhobo zokukhuhlana.
Okwesibini, ulwahlulo lwee-brake pads
Kukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili zokwahlula izixhobo zebrake. Enye yahlulwe ngokusetyenziswa kwamaziko. Ezinje ngezixhobo zokuqhobosha iimoto, izixhobo zokuqhobosha kaloliwe kunye nezixhobo zokuqhawuka kwenqwelomoya. Indlela yokuhlela ilula kwaye kulula ukuyiqonda. Enye yahlulwe ngokohlobo lwezinto eziphathekayo. Le ndlela yokuhlela yeyobunzululwazi ngakumbi. Iimathiriyeli zeziqhoboshi zala maxesha ziquka ezi ndidi zintathu zilandelayo: imathiriyeli yokuqhobosha esekwe kwintlaka (izixhobo zokuqhobosha i-asbestos, imathiriyeli yokuqhobosha engeyiyo i-asbestos, imathiriyeli esekelwe ephepheni), imathiriyeli yomgubo wentsimbi, imathiriyeli ye-carbon/carbon composite yokuqhobosha kunye ne-ceramic based brake materials.
Okwesithathu, izixhobo zokuqhobosha iimoto
I-1, uhlobo lwezixhobo ze-brake zemoto ngokwezinto zokuvelisa zahlukile. Inokwahlulwa ibe ishidi le-asbestos, i-semi-metal sheet okanye i-metal sheet ephantsi, i-NAO (i-asbestos yamahhala yezinto eziphilayo) ishidi, i-carbon carbon sheet kunye ne-ceramic sheet.
1.1.Ishiti leAsbestos
Ukususela ekuqaleni, i-asbestos isetyenziswe njengento yokuqinisa i-brake pads, kuba i-asbestos fiber inamandla aphezulu kunye nokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu, ngoko inokufikelela kwiimfuno ze-brake pads kunye ne-clutch discs kunye ne-gaskets. Le fayibha inomthamo oqinileyo wokuzibamba, inokuphinda ifanise intsimbi yodidi oluphezulu, kwaye inokumelana nobushushu obuphezulu obuyi-316 ° C. Ngaphezu koko, iasbestos inexabiso eliphantsi. Ikhutshwe kwi-amphibole ore, efumaneka ngobuninzi kumazwe amaninzi. Izinto zokukhuhlana kwe-asbestos zisebenzisa kakhulu i-asbestos fiber, ebizwa ngokuba yi-hydrated magnesium silicate (3MgO · 2SiO2 · 2H2O) njengefayibha yokuqinisa. I-filler yokulungelelanisa iipropati ze-friction iyongezwa. I-organic matrix composite material ifunyenwe ngokucinezela i-adhesive kwi-mold press mold.
Ngaphambi kweminyaka yee-1970. Iishiti zohlobo lwe-asbestos zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi. Kwaye yalawulwa ixesha elide. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokusebenza kakubi kokuhambisa ubushushu be-asbestos. Ubushushu befriction abukwazi ukuchithwa ngokukhawuleza. Iya kubangela ukuba umaleko wokubola kwe-thermal ye-friction surface ukuba ijiye. Ukwandisa ukunxiba impahla. Ngeli xesha. Amanzi ekristale efiber yeasbestos adlula ngaphezu kwe-400 ℃. Ipropathi ye-friction iyancipha kakhulu kwaye ukunxiba kunyuka kakhulu xa kufikelele kwi-550 ℃ okanye ngaphezulu. Amanzi ekristale alahlekile kakhulu. Isixhasi silahlekwe ngokupheleleyo. Okubaluleke ngakumbi. Ingqinwe ngokwamayeza. I-asbestos yinto enomonakalo omkhulu kumalungu okuphefumla komntu. ngoJulayi 1989. IArhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo yaseU.S. (EPA) yabhengeza ukuba yayiza kuthintela ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe, ukuveliswa nokusetyenzwa kwazo zonke iimveliso zeasbestos ngowe-1997.
1.2, iphepha le-semi-metal
Luhlobo olutsha lwemathiriyeli yokukhuhlana ephuhliswe ngokwesiseko sezinto eziphilayo zokukhuhlana kunye nomgubo wemveli we-metallurgy friction material. Isebenzisa iintsinga zentsimbi endaweni yeentsinga zeasbestos. Yimathiriyeli engeyiyo i-asbestos yokukhuhlana ephuhliswe yiNkampani yaseMelika Bendis ekuqaleni koo-1970.
"I-semi-metal" i-hybrid brake pads (i-Semi-met) yenziwe ikakhulu ngoboya bentsimbi erhabaxa njengefayibha yokuqinisa kunye nomxube obalulekileyo. I-Asbestos kunye ne-non-asbestos organic brake pads (NAO) ziyakwazi ukwahlula ngokulula kwinkangeleko (iintsinga ezintle kunye namasuntswana), kwaye nazo zineempawu ezithile zamagnetic.
Izixhobo zokukhuhlana kwentsimbi eziziintsimbi ezinezi mpawu zilandelayo:
(l) Izinzile kakhulu ngaphantsi komlinganiso wokukhuhlana. Ayivelisi ukubola kwe-thermal. Ukuzinza kakuhle kwe-thermal;
(2) Ukumelana nokunxiba kakuhle. Ubomi benkonzo ngama-3-5 amaxesha ezinto zokukhuhlana kwe-asbestos;
(3) Ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-friction phantsi komthwalo ophezulu kunye ne-coefficient ye-friction ezinzile;
(4) Ukuqhuba kakuhle kwe-thermal. Iqondo lobushushu lincinci. Ngokukodwa ezifanelekileyo kwiimveliso ezincinci ze-disc brake;
(5) Ingxolo encinci yeziqhoboshi.
I-United States, iYurophu, iJapan kunye namanye amazwe aqala ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kweendawo ezinkulu kwi-1960s. Ukumelana nokunxiba kwephepha le-semi-metal lingaphezulu kwe-25% ephezulu kune-asbestos sheet. Okwangoku, ikwindawo ephambili kwimakethi yebrake pad eTshayina. Kwaye uninzi lweemoto zaseMelika. Ingakumbi iimoto kunye nabakhweli kunye nezithuthi zemithwalo. I-semi-metal brake lining ibalele ngaphezulu kwe-80%.
Nangona kunjalo, imveliso inazo ezi ntsilelo zilandelayo:
(l) I-fiber yensimbi ilula ukugqwala, kulula ukuyibamba okanye ukulimaza isibini emva kokugqwala, kwaye amandla omkhiqizo ayancipha emva kokugqwala, kwaye ukugqoka kwanda;
(2) I-conductivity ephezulu ye-thermal, ekulula ukuyibangela ukuba inkqubo ye-brake ivelise ukuxhathisa kwegesi kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu, okubangela umgca we-friction kunye ne-steam plate detachment:
(3) Ubunzima obuphezulu buya kusonakalisa izinto ezimbini, okukhokelela kwincoko kunye nesandi esincinci sokuqhawula;
(4) Ukuxinana okuphezulu.
Nangona "i-semi-metal" ingenaziphene ezincinci, kodwa ngenxa yokuzinza kwayo kwemveliso, ixabiso eliphantsi, isesona sixhobo sikhethwayo se-automotive brake pads.
1.3. Ifilimu yeNAO
Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1980, bekukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zefiber eyomeleziweyo ye-asbestos-free brake linings emhlabeni, oko kukuthi, isizukulwana sesithathu se-asbestos-free organic matter NAO type brake pads. Injongo yayo kukwenza iziphene zefiber yensimbi enye eyomeleziweyo ye-semi-metallic brake materials, iifiber ezisetyenziswayo ziyifayibha yezityalo, i-aramong ifayibha, ifayibha yeglasi, ifayibha yeceramic, i-carbon fiber, i-mineral fiber njalo njalo. Ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kweentsinga ezininzi, iifiber kwi-brake lining ziyancedisana ekusebenzeni, kwaye kulula ukuyila ifomula ye-brake ye-lining kunye nokusebenza okugqibeleleyo. Inzuzo ephambili yephepha le-NAO kukugcina i-braking effect kwiqondo eliphantsi okanye eliphezulu, ukunciphisa ukuguga, ukunciphisa ingxolo, kunye nokwandisa ubomi benkonzo ye-disc ye-brake, emele ulwalathiso lwangoku lophuhliso lwezixhobo zokukhuhla. Izinto ezixubeneyo ezisetyenziswa zizo zonke iibrendi ezidumileyo zehlabathi zeBenz / Philodo zebrake pads sisizukulwana sesithathu se-NAO asbestos-free organic material, enokuthi ibhule ngokukhululekileyo nakweyiphi na iqondo lobushushu, ikhusele ubomi bomqhubi, kwaye yandise ubomi bebhuleki. idiski.
1.4, i-carbon sheet sheet
I-Carbon carbon composite friction material luhlobo lwemathiriyeli ene-carbon fibre eyomelezwe yi-carbon matrix. Iimpawu zayo zokukhuhlana zibalaseleyo. Ubuninzi obuphantsi (intsimbi kuphela); Inqanaba eliphezulu lomthamo. Inomthamo wobushushu ongaphezulu kakhulu kunomgubo wesinyithi kunye nentsimbi; Ubushushu obuphezulu; Akukho deformation, into adhesion. Ubushushu bokusebenza ukuya kuthi ga kwi-200 ℃; Ukukhanya okuhle kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Ubomi benkonzo ende. I-coefficient ye-friction izinzile kwaye imodareyitha ngexesha lokunyathela. Amaphepha ekhabhon-khabhoni adityanisiweyo aqale asetyenziswa kwinqwelomoya zomkhosi. Kamva yamkelwa yiFormula 1 yeemoto zomdyarho, ekuphela kwesicelo semathiriyeli yekhabhoni kwiziqhoboshi zemoto.
I-Carbon carbon composite friction material yinto ekhethekileyo enokuzinza kwe-thermal, ukumelana nokunxiba, ukuhanjiswa kombane, amandla athile, ukuqina okuthe ngqo kunye nezinye iimpawu ezininzi. Nangona kunjalo, izinto ze-carbon-carbon composite friction nazo zineziphene ezilandelayo: i-coefficient ye-friction ayizinzile. Ichatshazelwa kakhulu kukufuma;
Ukunganyangeki kwe-oxidation (i-oxidation enzima eyenzekayo ngaphezu kwe-50 ° C emoyeni). Iimfuno eziphezulu zokusingqongileyo (ezomileyo, ezicocekileyo); Ibiza kakhulu. Ukusetyenziswa kunqunyelwe kwiinkalo ezikhethekileyo. Esi sesona sizathu siphambili sokuba ukunciphisa i-carbon carbon materials kunzima ukukhuthaza ngokubanzi.
1.5, iziqwenga zeeramic
Njengemveliso entsha kwizinto zokukhuhlana. I-Ceramic brake pads ineenzuzo zokungabikho kwengxolo, akukho mlotha owelayo, akukho konakala kwe-wheel hub, ubomi benkonzo ende, ukukhuselwa kwendalo kunye nokunye. Iiphedi ze-Ceramic brake ekuqaleni zaphuhliswa ziinkampani zaseJapan zeebrake pad ngeminyaka yoo-1990. Ngokuthe chu ube sisithandwa esitsha kwimarike yebrake pad.
Ummeli oqhelekileyo we-ceramic based friction materials yi-C / C-sic composites, oko kukuthi, i-carbon fiber eqiniswe kwi-silicon carbide matrix C / SiC composites. Abaphandi abavela kwiYunivesithi yaseStuttgart kunye ne-German Aerospace Research Institute baye bafunda ukusetyenziswa kwee-C / C-sic composites kwintsimi yokukhuhlana, kwaye baphuhlise i-C / C-SIC i-brake pads ukuze isetyenziswe kwiimoto ze-Porsche. ILebhu yeSizwe ye-Oak Ridge ene-Honeywell Advnanced composites, i-HoneywellAireratf Lnading Systems, kunye ne-Honeywell CommercialVehicle systems Le nkampani isebenzisana ukuphuhlisa i-C/SiC composite pads ye-brake yeendleko eziphantsi ukuze kuthathelwe indawo intsimbi etyhidiweyo kunye neentsimbi zokuqhobosha iipadi ezisetyenziswa kwizithuthi ezinomthwalo onzima.
2, iinzuzo ze-carbon ceramic composite brake pad:
I-1, xa kuthelekiswa ne-gray cast iron brake pads, ubunzima be-carbon ceramic brake pads buncitshiswe malunga ne-60%, kwaye ubunzima obungamiswanga buncitshiswe malunga neekhilogram ezingama-23;
I-2, i-coefficient ye-friction ye-brake inokwanda okuphezulu kakhulu, isantya sokuphendula i-brake sandiswa kwaye i-brake attenuation iyancitshiswa;
I-3, i-tensile elongation ye-carbon ceramic materials ranges ukusuka kwi-0.1% ukuya kwi-0.3%, ixabiso eliphezulu kakhulu kwizinto ze-ceramic;
I-4, i-ceramic disc pedal iziva ikhululekile kakhulu, inokuvelisa ngokukhawuleza amandla okunyathela kwinqanaba lokuqala lokunyathela, ngoko akukho mfuneko yokunyusa inkqubo yokuncedisa i-brake, kwaye i-braking iyonke ikhawuleza kwaye imfutshane kunenkqubo ye-braking yendabuko. ;
I-5, ukwenzela ukuchasana nokushisa okuphezulu, kukho ukushisa kwe-ceramic phakathi kwe-piston ye-brake kunye ne-brake liner;
I-6, i-ceramic brake disc inokuqina okungaqhelekanga, ukuba ukusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo kukubuyisela ubomi obukhululekile, kunye nediski yentsimbi yentsimbi eqhelekileyo isetyenziselwa iminyaka embalwa ukubuyisela.
Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-08-2023